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| 510 BC |
| | | The Athenian ruler Hippias is toppled by the nobles of Attica, with the help of Sparta | |
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| 508 BC |
| | | Cleisthenes, brought to power by popular support, puts into effect a major programme of political reform in Athens | |
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| 508 |
| | | Cleisthenes gives every Athenian citizen a voice in the demos, the local council at village or town level | |
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| 499 BC |
| | | The Greek cities of Ionia rebel against Persian rule, with the partial support of Athens | |
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| c. 495 BC |
| | | Pericles is born in Attica, the son of distinguished parents and the great-nephew of Cleisthenes | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet secures the Greek island of Euboea before making the short crossing to Marathon on the mainland – where they await the Greeks | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Pheidippides, given the task of running from Athens to Sparta to request help at Marathon against the Persians, completes the journey in two days | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | At Marathon the Athenian hoplites, heavily outnumbered, win a spectacular victory against the Persians – of whom the survivors escape in their ships | |
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